Reference

Dental Dictionary

Plain-language definitions for the dental terms you'll hear at your next visit. If something we said wasn't clear, look it up here — or just ask us.

Reviewed by Dr. Mini Nair, DDS — Updated 2026

A

Abscess: A pocket of pus caused by bacterial infection. Dental abscesses can form at the root of a tooth or in the surrounding gum tissue, and typically require treatment to drain and clear the infection.
Anterior teeth: The teeth at the front of the mouth — incisors and canines — used for biting and shaping appearance.
ARESTIN: An antibiotic powder placed directly into infected gum pockets to treat periodontal disease. Used as part of scaling and root planing.

Bonding: A cosmetic procedure where tooth-colored composite resin is applied and shaped to repair chips, cracks, or close small gaps.
Bridge: A fixed dental prosthesis that replaces one or more missing teeth by anchoring a false tooth (or teeth) between two crowns.
Bruxism: The habit of grinding or clenching teeth, often during sleep. Can cause wear, jaw pain, and headaches.

Caries: Tooth decay caused by bacterial breakdown of enamel and dentin. The clinical name for cavities.
Composite: A tooth-colored resin material used for fillings, bonding, and small cosmetic repairs.
Crown: A tooth-shaped cap that covers a damaged or weakened tooth, restoring its shape, strength, and appearance.

Dentin: The layer of tooth structure beneath the enamel, more sensitive and softer than enamel.
Denture: A removable replacement for missing teeth and surrounding tissue. Can be full (replacing all teeth) or partial.
Enamel: The hard, outer layer of the tooth — the most mineralized substance in the human body.
Filling: Material used to restore a tooth after decay has been removed. Most commonly composite resin or amalgam.
Fluoride: A naturally occurring mineral that strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent decay.

Gingivitis: Early-stage gum disease, marked by red, swollen, bleeding gums. Reversible with proper hygiene and professional cleaning.
Hygienist: A licensed dental professional who performs cleanings, takes X-rays, and educates patients on oral health.
Implant: A titanium post surgically placed in the jaw to replace a missing tooth root, supporting a crown, bridge, or denture.
Inlay / Onlay: A custom-made restoration that fits into (inlay) or onto (onlay) a tooth — used when a filling won't suffice but a full crown isn't needed.
Invisalign: A brand of clear plastic aligners that progressively straighten teeth — a discreet alternative to traditional braces.

Mouthguard: A soft, custom-fitted appliance worn over the teeth to protect them during sports or to prevent grinding at night.
Nitrous oxide: A mild inhaled sedative ('laughing gas') used to ease anxiety during dental procedures. Effects wear off within minutes.
Oral sedation: A pill taken before a dental appointment to produce a deeply relaxed state. Patients usually need a ride home.
Orthodontics: The dental specialty focused on straightening teeth and correcting bite issues using braces, aligners, or other appliances.

Periodontal disease: An infection of the gums and bone supporting the teeth. Includes gingivitis (early) and periodontitis (advanced).
Plaque: A sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth daily. Hardens into tartar if not removed by brushing and flossing.
Prophylaxis: The clinical name for a routine dental cleaning — removing plaque and tartar above the gumline.
Restoration: Any procedure that repairs or replaces tooth structure, including fillings, crowns, bridges, and implants.

Scaling and root planing: A deep cleaning procedure to treat gum disease — removing tartar from below the gumline and smoothing the root surface.
Sealant: A thin protective coating painted onto the chewing surfaces of back teeth to prevent decay, especially in children.
Sedation dentistry: Use of medication (nitrous oxide, oral sedation, or IV) to help anxious patients relax during dental procedures.
Tartar: Hardened plaque that has mineralized on the teeth. Can only be removed by a dental professional.
Veneer: A thin shell of porcelain or composite bonded to the front of a tooth to improve its appearance.

Whitening: Cosmetic treatment to lighten the color of teeth, using bleaching agents like hydrogen peroxide. Available in-office or take-home.
Wisdom teeth: The third molars, usually emerging in late teens or early twenties. Often removed if they cause crowding or problems.
Xerostomia: Dry mouth — a condition where the salivary glands don't produce enough saliva. Can increase risk of decay.

Have a Question?

If a term isn't here or you'd like a deeper explanation, ask any of us at your next visit. We make time for questions.

Ready When You Are

Schedule an appointment online, or give us a call. We're accepting new patients of every age — and we'll walk you through every step.